Over here we have a system since the last 10 (?) years where you pay you road tax based on CO2 emissions....
As an extra spin on it they added the "Bonus-Malus" system back in 2018
1£ = 13,40 SEK
Bonus means good. Malus means bad. The idea of the bonus malus system is to reward vehicles that emit relatively small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), while burdening vehicles that emit relatively large amounts of CO2 with higher vehicle tax for the first three years: malus. This way, the bonus malus system can serve as a complement to the more general fuel tax, and contribute to reducing the transport sector's oil dependence and climate impact. Since 8 November 2022 only the malus part of the system remains.
For vehicles that are put into use and become taxable for the first time on or after 1 June 2022 is the carbon dioxide charge 107 SEK per gram of CO2 if the vehicle emits more than 75 grams and up to 125 grams of CO2 per kilometre, and 132 SEK per gram if the vehicle emits more than 125 grams per kilometre.
The additional environmental charge is 250 SEK per year and shall be paid for diesel powered vehicles.
The additional fuel charge shall also be paid for diesel powered vehicles. It is calculated by multiplying the vehicle's total CO2 emission (in grams) per kilometre during mixed driving with 13.52.
Takes a lot of calculating to get it right... simplyfied its like this:
Petrol powered vehicle
Basic charge + carbon dioxide charge
Diesel powered vehicle
Basic charge + carbon dioxide charge + additional environmental charge + additional fuel charge
Hybrid electric vehicle
The same goes for hybrid electric vehicles. If that is the case, you base your calculation on the fuel of the internal combustion engine (usually petrol).